classic problems in CS: producer, consumer, event driven programming, blocking vs non blocking, parallel programming, synchronous ipc bad etc...

Race conditions, deadlocks, resource hogging are the kind of problems you will have to deal with in production issue debugging.

 

1. Producer–Consumer Problem

• What: One or more producers generate data, and one or more consumers process it.

• Why classic: It models pipelines and buffers in OS, I/O, and multithreading.

• Challenge: Managing a shared buffer with thread safety, avoiding deadlocks or race conditions.

• Modern Usage: Logging systems, data ingestion pipelines, concurrent queues, asyncio tasks.

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2. Event-Driven Programming

• What: Program flow controlled by events like I/O, signals, or user actions.

• Examples: GUI frameworks, network servers (e.g., Node.js), embedded systems.

• Key Idea: Handlers (callbacks) respond to events asynchronously.

• Pitfall: Callback hell, hard-to-debug flow.

  3. Blocking vs Non-Blocking I/O

  	Blocking	Non-blocking
  Thread	Waits (halts)	Continues immediately
  Risk	Freezes UI / thread	Needs polling or async model
  Use	Simple scripts	Real-time systems, UI, servers

4. Parallel Programming

• What: Running multiple computations simultaneously (threads or processes).

• Goal: Speed up workloads like ML training, video processing, simulations.

• Challenge: Thread safety, synchronization, avoiding contention.

• In Python: GIL limits threading → use multiprocessing for true parallelism.

  5. Synchronous IPC: Problems

• MsgReceive() in QNX or similar synchronous IPC:

  • Blocks caller until a message arrives.

  • Problem: If a thread is blocked on MsgReceive(), it can’t respond to new events → UI hangs.

  • Fix: Use async messaging, polling with timeout, or delegate to worker th

• 6. Deadlocks, Starvation, and Race Conditions

• Deadlock: Two threads waiting on each other → system freeze.

• Starvation: One thread never gets scheduled.

• Race Condition: Two threads modifying shared data without sync → nondeterministic bugs.

 

Major Types of Machine Learning Tasks

 In machine learning, especially classification:? are there other kinds of machine learning?

Q: In machine learning, especially classification:? are there other kinds of machine learning?

Major Types of Machine Learning Tasks

Type	Description	Example Use Case
1. Classification	Predict discrete labels (categories)	Handwritten digit recognition (0–9)
2. Regression	Predict continuous values	Predict house price from features
3. Clustering	Group similar data without labels	Customer segmentation
4. Dimensionality Reduction	Compress data while preserving structure	PCA for visualization or compression
5. Anomaly Detection	Find rare or unusual patterns	Credit card fraud detection
6. Reinforcement Learning	Learn through interaction with an environment	Training a robot or game AI
7. Generative Modeling	Create new data like images, text, audio	Text generation, image synthesis